Columbus

Columbus versus The Myth

What a surprise to learn that Columbus never set foot in present-day North America. I had assumed he did since in the U.S. we grew up coloring pictures of him and his ships. Columbus made four trans-Atlantic voyages (from 1492 to 1504), but schools never taught me that his ships only landed in what are now called the Caribbean, Central America and South America. The more I learned about Columbus, the more curious it seems that since 1937 he has been celebrated in the U.S. with a federal holiday, with parades in his honor, and countless towns, universities, institutions and even our nation's capital are named after him.

Schools taught us that Columbus was Italian, and his financial sponsors were Spain's devout Catholic monarchy: Isabella I and Ferdinand II. Columbus assured his patrons that he could find a shorter water passage to the East Indies, with the allure of easier access to the lucrative spice trade, gold and jewels. Also enticing was the prospect of Spain gaining greater status by colonizing and converting the peoples of the East Indies to Catholicism.

Eager to learn more, I was delighted to discover that Columbus’s own writings from his logbook / journal (transcribed by Bartolomé de las Casas in 1530.) were available to read. Amazingly, some of the actual letters Columbus wrote to officials and to his son Diego are also preserved in museums. Reading Columbus’s own words quickly revealed that our schoolbooks taught us an extremely whitewashed version of Columbus and his voyages. Reading these first-hand accounts were nothing less than horrifying. Nothing I had been taught in school prepared me for Columbus’s extreme violence. Our history lessons gave no hint of Columbus’s pivotal role of ushering in one of the darkest eras in the history of The Americans.

Schools failed to teach that Columbus launched the trans-Atlantic African slave trade. The forced enslavement and relocation of Africans to the Americas spanned from Columbus’s arrival in 1492 until the 1860s, when the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution abolished slavery. Spain’s conquest and colonization of the Americas also began with Columbus’s arrival in 1492, and endured roughly until 1808 to 1830, when the Latin American Revolutions resulted in the independence of most Spanish and Portuguese colonies.

The combined consequence of the African slave trade and Spain’s conquest of The Americas ranks as one of the largest mortality events in human history. Within a century after Columbus’s arrival, The Americas saw the loss of about 90% of the pre-Columbian Indigenous population (roughly 10% of all humans on Earth). This monumental impact resulted in the terms pre-Columbian America and post-Columbian America.

Through art history I was familiar with the terms “Pre-Columbian” art (from approximately 13,000 BCE up to 1492) and “Post-Columbian” art (from 1492 to about 1592). I had no idea that the severe cultural disruption Columbus used to initiate the European colonization of the Americas resulted in the scarring and snuffing out of so many indigenous cultures that there is a marked before-and-after erasure of indigenous art, religious beliefs, architecture and technology.

The Pre-Columbian Americas were characterized by diverse, highly developed indigenous civilizations, like Aztecs and Incas, with massive urban populations. Before Columbus’s arrival in 1492, The Americas had a thriving, massive and widespread indigenous population. Immediately upon his arrival, Columbus systematically began to reduce it to a small fraction.

The Post-Columbian Americas mark the historical era after Columbus arrived in 1492. Columbus's arrival initiated the collapsing of the population from 60 million to 5-6 million (over the span of about a century). This resulted in the loss of elderly population members, who held traditional knowledge, oral traditions and governance, which allowed Columbus and his followers to shift the power from indigenous rulers and empires to European colonial powers. The preexisting economy of local or regional trading was severely disrupted by Columbus sending enslaved indigenous persons, precious metal and other natural resources to the Spanish Crown.

In school we were taught the names of Columbus's ships, but were not taught that La Pinta ("The Painted One') was likely named using slang for a prostitute. We also never learned that his ships would eventually return to Spain carrying more than a thousand enslaved indigenous men, women and children. Columbus agreed with European explorers who had visited the present day Americas centuries before him when they described the indigenous people as being friendly and welcoming. But Columbus heartlessly viewed their peaceful and gentle nature as a weakness of which he violently took full advantage. Throughout the seven years that Columbus served as governor, Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand approved of the use of slavery, finding the financial gain of free slave labor to be irresistible. From Columbus's first days in the Americas, he began building the Spanish colonies and Catholic missions with blood, sweat and tears of enslaved people. But only after his third voyage were Columbus's barbaric acts of cruelty finally too inhuman for the monarch's approved. Upon his return to Spain, Columbus was thrown into the King’s prison for his brutality, torture and enslavement of indigenous people.

According to Michele de Cuneo's account of his travels with Columbus, from the time of the crew's very first encounter with indigenous people, violent offenses such as wholesale rape, kidnapping, torture, mutilation and murder were par for the course of Columbus’s twelve year reign of tyranny. Columbus’s punishment for those enslaved workers not working hard enough was cutting off their hands. During Columbus’s first voyage, Michele de Cuneo, a childhood friend of Columbus, documented his gratitude to Columbus for "giving" him a “Carib girl” as a gift, then boastfully described violently torturing and raping the young indigenous girl in his ship’s cabin. Extensive documentation of more atrocities committed by the colonizers was provided by Bartolomé de las Casas, himself a Spanish landowner, Dominican friar and reformed slave owner. De las Casas wrote volumes about the crimes against humanity that the indigenous peoples suffered during the colonization of the New World, his most famous being, A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies.

After serving six weeks locked up in a Spanish prison, Columbus made his plea, reminding the King of his contribution to the royal coffers. Columbus convinced the King to release him and to fund his fourth and final voyage. A new arrangement was negotiated for Columbus’s cut of future profits reaped in the New World.

Columbus went to the "New World" and back to Spain four times between 1492 and 1504. The extremely violent form of slavery that Columbus, his men and their successors used to build their colony continued for generations and resulted in genocides and near genocides of countless indigenous peoples. Columbus was not the first European explorer to introduce slavery to the continent we now call The Americas; but he is responsible for launching the trans-Atlantic slave trade which ravaged like a disease from 1492 until nearly the 1900s. Columbus never stepped foot in North America, but chattel slavery, (the owning of human beings as property able to be bought, sold, given, and inherited), spread to North America and thrived until Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation of 1862 began the slow and painful process of freeing those enslaved. According to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, between 1525 and 1866, 12.5 million Africans were shipped to the New World. 10.7 million survived the horrific six-week passage, disembarking in North America, the Caribbean and South America. Only about 388,000 - a small percentage - were shipped directly to North America. [The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database is the most comprehensive analysis of shipping records over the course of the slave trade and is edited by professors David Eltis and David Richardson.]

If a competition existed to determine who in the history of man had caused the most human suffering, death, and had committed the most crimes against humanity, Columbus would hold his own among the worst human beings who ever walked this earth. Despite this, Christopher Columbus's legacy is still carried in the capital city of the U.S. and roughly 53 other U.S. communities. His ugly secrets are hidden from our text books, and incredulously, we still have a national holiday honoring him today.

Christopher Columbus's letter to Ferdinand and Isabella, 1493. (Gilder Lehrman Collection)

1594 Map of Americas

A dark time of Spanish colonization, enslavement of Native Americans and launching the trans-Atlantic African slave trade.

[Engraving by Theodor de Bry, ca. 1594, Courtesy of the Library of Congress]

In Columbus’s first letters back to his Catholic sponsors, he described the ease with which he could enslave the gentle Arawaks of the Bahamian islands.:

“... They would make fine slaves … With fifty men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want…” - Christopher Columbus

If this wasn’t horrific enough, Michele da Cuneo, Columbus’s childhood friend, gleefully wrote about violently raping one of these beautiful young girls.:

“When our caravels … were to leave for Spain, we gathered … 1,600 male and female Indians and these embarked (with us) … on February 17, 1495 … While I was in the boat, I captured a very beautiful Carib woman, whom the said Lord Admiral gave to me. When I had taken her to my cabin she was naked—as was their custom. I was filled with a desire to take my pleasure with her and attempted to satisfy my desire. She was unwilling, and so treated me with her nails that I wished I had never begun. But—to cut a long story short—I then took a piece of rope and whipped her soundly, and she let forth such incredible screams that you would not have believed your ears. Eventually we came to such terms, I assure you, that you would have thought that she had been brought up in a school for whores.” - Michele da Cuneo, Columbus's childhood friend

With Columbus, rapes were common occurrences. He systematically rewarded his men by “giving” them kidnapped women. As horrific as it is, rape was only the tip of the iceberg of Christopher Columbus’s seven years of terror. As governor, Columbus and his men systemically enslaved and committed torture, rape, mutilation and murder.

Bartolome de las Casas, Spanish historian and Catholic priest, wrote about Columbus’s soldiers dismembering, beheading or raping 3,000 natives in a single day. It was commonplace to kill babies for dog food, and for Spanish soldier to test the sharpness of their blades by randomly slicing off the heads or the flesh of the enslaved indigenous people. Columbus ordered his men: “to cut off the legs of children who ran from them (in order) to test the sharpness of their blades.” Men, women and children of all ages were “roasted on spits”. Columbus once punished a man found guilty of stealing corn by having his ears and nose cut off and then selling him into slavery. On another occasion, Columbus congratulated his brother Bartolomeo on "defending the family" after a woman suggested that Columbus was of lowly birth. Bartolomeo ordered the woman paraded naked through the streets, and then had her tongue cut out. During a rebellion by the unarmed slaves, Columbus ordered a brutal crackdown in which many natives were killed, and then paraded their dismembered bodies through the streets in an attempt to discourage further rebellion. [1]

In 1495 Columbus created a “tribute system” of forced labor on indigenous Taino. Columbus's son, Ferdinand described it.:

"In the Cibao, where the gold mines were, every person of fourteen years of age or upward was to pay a large hawk's bell of gold dust; all others were each to pay twenty-five pounds of cotton. Whenever an Indian delivered his tribute, he was to receive a brass or copper token which he must wear about his neck as proof that he had made his payment; any Indian found without such a token was to be punished."

Rather than abiding by his sponsors', Ferdinand and Isabella, call for light punishment, Ferdinand Columbus cut off both hands of those without tokens, and then let them bleed to death. An estimated 10,000 people in Haiti and the Dominican Republic died this way. Thousands of natives committed suicide by poison to escape this fate.

During his seven years of barbarity, Columbus simultaneously rewarded his Catholic sponsors, the Catholic monarchs, by naming one Caribbean island after the other after saints. Columbus somehow rationalized slavery as his God given right. An entry in Columbus’s journal from September 1498 reads:

"From here one might send, in the name of the Holy Trinity, as many slaves as could be sold ... "

By 1499, word of Columbus's endless capacity to inflict suffering on his fellow man finally reached Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand. The monarchs responded by having the Order of Calatrava, an order of religious knights, investigate these allegations against Columbus. In the 48-page report, testimonies of both Columbus’s friends and subordinates retold the same horrors of Columbus, his three brothers and his men using unbridled torture, rape, mutilation and murder to terrorize the Caribbean islands. (In 2006, the actual 48-page report was rediscovered in the national archives in the Spanish city of Simancas.)

After seven years of Columbus terrorizing the Caribbean with three separate voyages, Isabella and Ferdinand finally ordered his powerful title of governor revoked. Columbus and his brothers were returned to Spain in shackles, arrested and imprisoned, but only for 6 weeks. Pleading his case that he had greatly increasing Spain’s wealth, Columbus was released and allowed to make a 4th and final voyage back to the Americas. Columbus's title of governor was never restored.

Columbus's 1493 business model centering on slave labor was approved by the Spanish monarchs and the Vatican.

By contrast, the indigenous nations bore hospitality and gifts.

In 1513, Vasco Núñez de Balboa' crimes against humanity...

... included feeding forty indigenous men to dogs.

Bartholomé de Las Casas

Spanish Dominican friar and reformed slave owner

For a time Bartholemé de Las Casas, a Spanish friar (priest), owned a plantation which relied on the slave labor of the native tribes. He transcribed Columbus's journal and, in his fifties, began a multi-volume History of the Indies. Later in life, a change of heart caused him to become a vehement critic of Spanish cruelty. In 1552 he lamented,

"the Spanishe have destroyed such an infinitie of soules" (in their search for gold).

Las Casas initially urged replacing enslaved Native tribes with African slaves, thinking they were stronger and would have a better chance of surviving the violence of slavery. Once he saw the effects on Africans he relented. In his History of the Indies, Book II, Las Casas tells about the treatment of the indigenous people by the Spaniards.:

'Endless testimonies … prove the mild and pacific temperament of the natives ... But our work was to exasperate, ravage, kill, mangle and destroy; small wonder, then, if they tried to kill one of us now and then.... The admiral (Christopher Columbus), it is true, was blind as those who came after him, and he was so anxious to please the King that he committed irreparable crimes against the Indians.'

Las Casas described how the Spaniards "grew more conceited every day", and eventually refused to walk any distance.:

(The Spaniards) "rode the backs of Indians if they were in a hurry" or forced enslaved natives to carry them on hammocks as though they were running in relays. "In this case they also had Indians carry large leaves to shade them from the sun and others to fan them with goose wings ... (the Spaniards) thought nothing of knifing Natives by tens and twenties and of cutting slices off them to test the sharpness of their blades. Two of these so-called Christians met two Indian boys one day, each carrying a parrot; they took the parrots and for fun beheaded the boys."

The enslaved native people were unsuccessful at defending themselves or escaping. Those who ran away and tried to hide in the hills were found and killed. In order to amass enough gold for melting, men were sent to work miles away mining gold, and were required to work there from six to eight months at a time. Up to a third of the men died. The women remained working the soil, force to do the back-breaking job of digging and making thousands of hills for cassava plants.:

“They suffered and died in the mines and other labors in desperate silence, knowing not a soul in the world to whom they could turn for help. Mountains are stripped from top to bottom and bottom to top a thousand times; they dig, split rocks, move stones, and carry dirt on their backs to wash it in the rivers, while those who wash gold stay in the water all the time with their backs bent so constantly it breaks them; and when water invades the mines, the most arduous task of all is to dry the mines by scooping up pansful of water and throwing it up outside … Thus husbands and wives were together only once every eight or ten months and when they met they were so exhausted and depressed on both sides ... they ceased to procreate. As for the newly born, they died early because their mothers, overworked and famished, had no milk to nurse them, and for this reason, while I was in Cuba, seven thousand children died in three months. Some mothers even drowned their babies from sheer desperation ... in this way, husbands died in the mines, wives died at work, and children died from lack of milk … and in a short time this land which was so great, so powerful and fertile ... was depopulated. ... My eyes have seen these acts so foreign to human nature, and now I tremble as I write.”

Prior to their enslavement, Las Casa observed.:

'They (native tribes) are agile and can swim long distances, especially the women. They are not completely peaceful, because they do battle from time to time with other tribes, but their casualties seem small, and they fight when they are individually moved to do so because of some grievance, not on the orders of captains or kings.'

Letter of Bartolomé de Las Casas (1474-1566) to the Holy Roman Emperor Charles (1500-1558)

Columbus

Columbus versus The Myth

1594 Map of Americas

A dark time of Spanish colonization, enslavement of Native Americans and launching the trans-Atlantic African slave trade.

Columbus's 1493 business model centering on slave labor was approved by the Spanish monarchs and the Vatican.

In 1513, Vasco Núñez de Balboa' crimes against humanity...

Bartholomé de Las Casas

Bartholomé de Las Casas

Spanish Dominican friar and reformed slave owner

Further Reading: Columbus and European Explorers

Books, Articles, Manuscripts and Websites